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The President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR/Emergency Plan) is a United States governmental initiative to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the lives of those suffering from the disease, primarily in Africa. The program initially aimed to provide antiretroviral treatment (ART) to 2 million HIV-infected people in resource-limited settings, to prevent 7 million new infections, and to support care for 10 million people (the "2–7–10 goals") by 2010. PEPFAR increased the number of Africans receiving ART from 50,000 at the start of the initiative in 2004 to at least 1.2 million in early 2008.〔("In Tanzania, Bush urges Congress to renew AIDS relief program as it is. Dems argue for less focus on abstinence, maybe more funding" ) SFGate, from James Gerstenzang, ''The Los Angeles Times'', February 18, 2008.〕〔("In Global Battle on AIDS, Bush Creates Legacy" ) Sheryl Gay Stolberg, ''The New York Times'', January 5, 2008.〕 PEPFAR has been called the largest health initiative ever initiated by one country to address a disease. The budget presented by U.S. President George W. Bush for the fiscal year 2008 included a request for $5.4 billion for PEPFAR. The massive funding increases have made anti-retrovirals widely available, saving millions of lives.〔Caryl, Christian, (What George W. Bush Did Right ), ''Foreign Policy,'' February 14, 2013.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=AIDS battle burnishes Bush's legacy - World news - Africa | NBC News )〕 Critics contend that spending a portion of funding on abstinence-until-marriage programs is unjust〔 while others feel that foreign aid is generally inefficient.〔 According to a 2009 study published in Annals of Internal Medicine,〔 〕 the program had averted about 1.1 million deaths in Africa and reduced the death rate due to AIDS in the countries involved by 10%.〔 〕 ==History== In 1998, when George W. Bush discussed running for president with Condoleezza Rice, she suggested that, if he won, Africa should be a focus in terms of foreign policy. He and his wife, Laura, also had interest in the continent and "compassionate conservatism." These thoughts and sentiments helped lead to the creation of the PEPFAR program. The unclassified publication,''The Next Wave of HIV/AIDS: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Russia, India, and China'' 〔(The Next Wave of HIV/AIDS: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Russia, India, and China )〕 by the National Intelligence Council had been commissioned by the Bush White House in 2002 and was influential in the founding of PEPFAR. This work was significant because it discussed the mortality associated with the poorly controlled HIV pandemic across several decades and also forecast the impact of that excess mortality on U.S National Security interests. The U.S. Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (or the Global AIDS Act) specified a series of broad and specific goals, alternately delegating authority to the President for identifying measurable outcomes in some areas, and specifying by law the quantitative benchmarks to be reached within discrete periods of time in others. The legislation also established the State Department Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator to oversee all international AIDS funding and programming. In July 2008, PEPFAR was renewed, revised and expanded as the "Tom Lantos and Henry J. Hyde United States Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008". The expansion more than tripled the initiative's funds, to $48 billion through 2013, including $39 billion for HIV and the global Fund, $4 billion for TB, and $5 billion for malaria.〔("Bush signs expansion of global AIDS programs" ) Will Dunham, Reuters, Washington, July 30, 2008. Accessed October 2, 2008.〕 PEPFAR continues to be a cornerstone of U.S. global health efforts. In May 2009, the Obama Administration launched the Global Health Initiative (GHI) as an effort to develop a comprehensive U.S. government strategy for global health and cited PEPFAR as a central component. On June 23, 2009, Ambassador Eric Goosby was sworn in as the United States Global AIDS Coordinator.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Dr. Eric Goosby Assumes the Role of U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator )〕 On April 4, 2014, Ambassador Deborah Birx. MD was sworn in to succeed Goosby, and currently holds the position.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.pepfar.gov/press/releases/2014/224403.htm )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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